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SQL - Overview |
What is SQL? |
MySQL With DBMS & RDBMS, |
Oracle using PL/SQL, |
MS Access version of SQL. |
Why SQL? |
A Brief History of SQL |
SQL Process |
Query Dispatcher |
Optimization Engines |
Classic Query Engine |
SQL Query Engine, etc. |
SQL Commands |
DDL - Data Definition Language |
Command & Description |
Creates a new table, a view of a table. |
Modifies an existing database object, such as a table. |
Deletes an entire table,other objects in the database. |
DML - Data Manipulation Language |
Command & Description |
Retrieves certain records from one or more tables. |
Creates a record. |
Modifies records. |
Deletes records. |
DCL - Data Control Language |
Command & Description |
Gives a privilege to user. |
Takes back privileges granted from user. |
SQL - RDBMS Concepts |
What is RDBMS? |
What is a table? |
What is a field? |
What is a Record or a Row? |
What is a column? |
What is a NULL value? |
SQL Constraints |
NOT NULL Constraint |
DEFAULT Constraint |
UNIQUE Constraint |
PRIMARY Key |
FOREIGN Key |
CHECK Constraint |
Dropping Constraints |
Integrity Constraints |
Data Integrity |
Entity Integrity |
Domain Integrity |
Referential integrity |
User-Defined Integrity integrity. |
Database Normalization |
Eliminating redundant data. |
Ensuring data dependencies make sense. |
First Normal Form (1NF) |
Second Normal Form (2NF) |
Third Normal Form (3NF) |
RDBMS Databases |
Concurrency |
Read Consistency |
Locking Mechanisms |
Quiesce Database |
Portability |
Self-managing database |
SQL*Plus |
ASM |
Scheduler |
Resource Manager |
Data Warehousing |
Materialized views |
Bitmap indexes |
Table compression |
Parallel Execution |
Analytic SQL |
Data mining |
Partitioning |
SQL - Syntax |
SQL SELECT Statement |
SQL - SORTING Results |
SQL DISTINCT Clause |
SQL WHERE Clause |
SQL AND/OR Clause |
SQL IN Clause |
SQL BETWEEN Clause |
SQL LIKE Clause |
SQL ORDER BY Clause |
SQL GROUP BY Clause |
SQL COUNT Clause |
SQL HAVING Clause |
SQL CREATE TABLE Statement |
SQL DROP TABLE Statement |
SQL CREATE INDEX Statement |
SQL DROP INDEX Statement |
SQL DESC Statement |
SQL TRUNCATE TABLE Statement |
SQL ALTER TABLE Statement |
SQL ALTER TABLE Statement (Rename) |
SQL INSERT INTO Statement |
SQL UPDATE Statement |
SQL DELETE Statement |
SQL CREATE DATABASE Statement |
SQL DROP DATABASE Statement |
SQL USE Statement |
SQL COMMIT Statement |
SQL ROLLBACK Statement |
DATA TYPES |
bigint |
int |
smallint |
tinyint |
bit |
decimal |
numeric |
money |
smallmoney |
float |
real |
datetime |
smalldatetime |
date |
time |
char |
varchar |
varchar(max) |
text |
nchar |
nvarchar |
nvarchar(max) |
ntext |
binary |
varbinary |
varbinary(max) |
image |
sql_variant |
timestamp |
uniqueidentifier |
xml |
cursor |
table |
SQL - Operators |
What is an Operator in SQL |
SQL Arithmetic Operators |
+ (Addition) |
- (Subtraction) |
* (Multiplication) |
/ (Division) |
% (Modulus) |
SQL Comparison Operators |
= |
!= |
<> |
> |
< |
>= |
<= |
!< |
!> |
SQL Logical Operators |
ALL |
AND |
ANY |
BETWEEN |
EXISTS |
IN |
LIKE |
NOT |
OR |
IS NULL |
UNIQUE |
SQL - Expressions |
Boolean |
Numeric |
Date |
SQL - Using Joins |
INNER JOIN |
LEFT JOIN |
RIGHT JOIN |
FULL JOIN |
SELF JOIN |
CARTESIAN JOIN |
SQL - UNIONS CLAUSE |
The same number of columns selected |
The same number of column expressions |
The same data type and |
Have them in the same order |
SQL - NULL Values |
SQL - Alias Syntax |
SQL - Indexes |
SQL - Using Views |
Structure data in a way that users find intuitive. |
Restrict access to the data. |
Summarize data from various tables. |
SQL - Transactions |
Atomicity |
Consistency |
Isolatio |
Durability |
SQL - Wildcard Operators |
The percent sign (%) |
The underscore (_) |
SQL - Date Functions |
ADDDATE() |
Adds dates |
ADDTIME() |
Adds time |
CONVERT_TZ() |
CURDATE() |
Returns the current date |
CURRENT_DATE(), CURRENT_DATE |
Synonyms for CURDATE() |
CURRENT_TIME(), CURRENT_TIME |
Synonyms for CURTIME() |
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(), CURRENT_TIMESTAMP |
Synonyms for NOW() |
CURTIME() |
DATE_ADD() |
Adds two dates |
DATE_FORMAT() |
Formats date as specified |
DATE_SUB() |
Subtracts two dates |
DATE() |
DATEDIFF() |
DAY() |
Synonym for DAYOFMONTH() |
DAYNAME() |
DAYOFMONTH() |
Returns the day of the month (1-31) |
DAYOFWEEK() |
DAYOFYEAR() |
Returns the day of the year (1-366) |
EXTRACT |
Extracts part of a date |
FROM_DAYS() |
FROM_UNIXTIME() |
HOUR() |
Extracts the hour |
LAST_DAY |
LOCALTIME(), LOCALTIME |
Synonym for NOW() |
LOCALTIMESTAMP, LOCALTIMESTAMP() |
Synonym for NOW() |
MAKEDATE() |
MAKETIME |
MAKETIME() |
MICROSECOND() |
MINUTE() |
MONTH() |
MONTHNAME() |
NOW() |
PERIOD_ADD() |
PERIOD_DIFF() |
QUARTER() |
SEC_TO_TIME() |
SECOND() |
STR_TO_DATE() |
SUBDATE() |
SUBTIME() |
SYSDATE() |
TIME_FORMAT() |
Formats as time |
TIME_TO_SEC() |
TIME() |
TIMEDIFF() |
TIMESTAMP() |
TIMESTAMPADD() |
TIMESTAMPDIFF() |
TO_DAYS() |
UNIX_TIMESTAMP() |
UTC_DATE() |
UTC_TIME() |
UTC_TIMESTAMP() |
WEEK() |
WEEKDAY() |
WEEKOFYEAR() |
YEAR() |
YEARWEEK() |
Unit Values |
MICROSECOND |
SECOND |
MINUTE |
HOUR |
DAY |
WEEK |
MONTH |
QUARTER |
YEAR |
SECOND_MICROSECOND |
MINUTE_MICROSECOND |
MINUTE_SECOND |
HOUR_MICROSECOND |
HOUR_SECOND |
HOUR_MINUTE |
DAY_MICROSECOND |
DAY_SECOND |
DAY_MINUTE |
DAY_HOUR |
YEAR_MONTH |
TIMESTAMPADD |
FRAC_SECOND |
SECOND, MINUTE |
HOUR, DAY |
WEEK |
MONTH |
QUARTER or |
YEAR |
SQL - Temporary Tables |
Inserting Temporary Tables |
Dropping Temporary Tables |
SQL - Clone Tables |
SQL - Sub Queries |
Subqueries must be enclosed within parentheses. |
A subquery can have only one column in the SELECT clause. |
The GROUP BY command can be used. |
Subqueries that return more than one row. |
The SELECT evaluate to a BLOB, ARRAY, CLOB, or NCLOB. |
A subquery cannot be immediately enclosed in a set function. |
The BETWEEN operator cannot be used with a subquery. |
SQL - Using Sequences |
Using AUTO_INCREMENT column |
Obtain AUTO_INCREMENT Values |
Renumbering an Existing Sequence |
Starting a Sequence at a Particular Value |
SQL - Handling Duplicates |
SQL - Injection |
SQL - Database Tunning |
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